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A rchive Date
[ 06-04-2004 ]
Category
[ International Relations ]
sub-Categoy
[ Political Science ]
      [Politics of The Global Economy
      Concepts of Poverty: Social Exclusion
      by Simon Magus
      • Globalisation has led to gradual decline of welfare statism policies
      • Welfare state policies created conditions for social integration and cohesion
      • New conditions (with global impact and consequences) see social exclusion as being related to such things as Standard of
      • Living conditions, social interaction, political expression
      • Originally, the economic dimension of the welfare state proposed policies and mechanisms that focused on poverty levels
      • Bolstered by the notion that market forces will lead to eventual social equality through trickle-down economic theories
      • Opposition forces argue that there is a need for state interventions in the form of safety nets like social insurance, rather than a pure reliance on market forces
      • Political and economic tensions have led to recognition that there are growing needs for gov’t interventions in the market
      • place. This is the social dimension of economies and the marketplace
      • The economic boom of post-WWII led to development of social integration policies
      • 1970 – ‘80s saw a decline in economic expansion that led to a concurrent reduction in social programmes and the co-related
      • development of social exclusion
      • U.N and EU focus on reducing the emergence of socially excluded persons and groups
      • 1970s saw the emergence of this trend with the breakdown of Fordism (the relationship between production and
      • consumption)
      • The 1990s gave rise to the New Right with the rise of The New Economy, deregulation of industries, banking and financial
      • institutions, reduction of public services, labour markets and universal social assistance (Thatcher, Reagan, Mulroney, Harris)
      • This coincided with the decline in labour activism and unionism
      • Globalisation has led, in effect, to the decline of the welfare state
      • It has changed global economic trends and regional development
      • Social exclusion today include those marginalized by the pace of modern industrialisation and globalisation
      • Social Integration is an inter-related process: having a job, being productive and being paid
      • Its purpose is to develop a cohesive social network of family, friends and social communities at various levels of society
      • Durkheim: common values are the bonds of social order. Its loss leads to social instability. The collective consciousness is
      • shadowed by individual consciousness. And so it’s
      • The individual’s responsibility, as well as the collective, to ensure that that social cohesion, social inclusion, exists
      • This defines the role of the state and its responsibilities
      • Social integration is based on freely chosen social relationships between the individual and society
      • The emphasis is on individual rights and responsibilities
      • There are very little social bonds beyond the contractual ones
      • Social exclusion is not necessarily a result of globalisation; but it is exacerbated by globalisation trends

      Concepts of Poverty
      • Poverty, as seen by economists, is perceived as being due to a lack of disposable income, goods or services
      • Poverty is not necessarily limited to exclusion from social networks
      • Poverty (economic aspects) refers to two types of deprevation: Housing, food or clothing. Or, Education, jobs, etc
      • Social exclusion also refers to standards of living – economic
      • Social integration – social
      • But social exclusion overwhelmingly refers to a breakdown or malfunctioning of major social systems that are used to define
      • full citizenship of individuals within a region or political state
      • Social exclusion, therefore, infers economic, social and political dimensions of the individual in relation to the state or society

      Indicators
      • Income and Production leads to goods and services
      • Recognition of the social basis as well as the economic indicators
      • Income inequality – a social dimension that uses economic measurements
      • Ready access to health, education and drinking water are examples as well
      • Access to labour markets, and fair pay rates
      • Social systems disintegration leads to increasing crime rates, juveniles problems, gang activities, extensive prison system
      • The political aspect includes such issues as civil rights, freedom of speech and expression
      • Rule of law, right to justice
      • Right to active participation in political activities]


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