A rchive Date
[ 27-06-2003 ]
Category
[ International Relations ]
sub-Categoy
[ U.S ]
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[http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2003/06/26/120624-ap.html
U.S. Supreme Court strikes down ban on gay sex in landmark ruling
By ANNE GEARAN
Thu, June 26, 2003
WASHINGTON (AP) - The U.S. Supreme Court struck down a ban on gay sex Thursday, ruling that the law was an unconstitutional violation of privacy. The 6-3 ruling reverses course from a ruling 17 years ago that states could punish homosexuals for what such laws historically called deviant sex.
Laws forbidding homosexual sex, once universal, now are rare. Those on the books are rarely enforced but underpin other kinds of discrimination, lawyers for two Texas men had argued to the court. The men "are entitled to respect for their private lives," Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote.
"The state cannot demean their existence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime," he said.
Justices John Paul Stevens, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer agreed with Kennedy in full. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor agreed with the outcome of the case but not all of Kennedy's rationale. Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas dissented.
The court "has largely signed on to the so-called homosexual agenda," Scalia wrote for the three. He took the unusual step of reading his dissent from the bench. "The court has taken sides in the culture war," Scalia said, adding that he has "nothing against homosexuals."
Although the majority opinion said the case did not "involve whether the government must give formal recognition to any relationship that homosexual persons seek to enter," Scalia said the ruling invites laws allowing gay marriage. "This reasoning leaves on shaky, pretty shaky grounds, state laws limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples," Scalia wrote.
Thomas wrote separately to say that while he considers the Texas law at issue "uncommonly silly," he cannot agree to strike it down because he finds no general right to privacy in the constitution. Thomas calls himself a strict adherent to the actual words of the constitution as opposed to modern-day interpretations. If he were a Texas legislator and not a judge, Thomas said, he would vote to repeal the law.
"Punishing someone for expressing his sexual preference through non-commercial consensual conduct with another adult does not appear to be a worthy way to expend valuable law enforcement resources," Thomas wrote.
The two men at the heart of the case, John Lawrence and Tyron Garner were each fined $200 US and spent a night in jail for the misdemeanour sex charge in 1998. The case began when a neighbour with a grudge faked a distress call to police, telling them that a man was "going crazy" in Lawrence's apartment. Police went to the apartment, pushed open the door and found the two men having anal sex.
"This ruling lets us get on with our lives and it opens the door for gay people all over the country," Lawrence said Thursday. Ruth Harlow, one of Lawrence's lawyers, called the ruling historic.
"The court had the courage to reverse one of its gravest mistakes and to replace that with a resounding statement," of gay civil rights, Harlow said. "This is a giant leap forward to a day where we are no longer branded as criminals."
As recently as 1960, every state had an anti-sodomy law. In 37 states, the statutes have been repealed by legislators or blocked by state courts.
Of the 13 states with sodomy laws, four - Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri - prohibit oral and anal sex between same-sex couples. The other nine ban consensual sodomy for everyone: Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia. Thursday's ruling apparently invalidates those laws as well.
The Supreme Court was widely criticized 17 years ago when it upheld an anti-sodomy law similar to Texas'. The ruling became a rallying point for gay activists.
Of the nine justices who ruled on the 1986 case, only three remain on the court. Rehnquist was in the majority in that case - Bowers v. Hardwick - as was O'Connor. Stevens dissented. "Bowers was not correct when it was decided, and it is not correct today," Kennedy wrote for the majority Thursday. Kennedy noted that the current case does not involve minors or anyone who might be unable or reluctant to refuse a homosexual advance.
"The case does involve two adults who, with full and mutual consent from each other, engaged in sexual practices common to a homosexual lifestyle. Their right to liberty under (the constitution) gives them the full right to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government."
A long list of legal and medical groups joined gay rights and human rights supporters in backing the Texas men. Many friend-of-the-court briefs argued that times have changed since 1986, and that the court should catch up.
At the time of the court's earlier ruling, 24 states criminalized such behaviour. States that have since repealed the laws include Georgia, where the 1986 case arose.
Texas defended its sodomy law as in keeping with the state's interest in protecting marriage and child-rearing. Homosexual sodomy, the state argued in legal papers, "has nothing to do with marriage or conception or parenthood and it is not on a par with these sacred choices."
The state had urged the court to draw a constitutional line "at the threshold of the marital bedroom."
Although Texas itself did not make the argument, some of the state's supporters told the justices in friend-of-the-court filings that invalidating sodomy laws could take the court down the path of allowing same-sex marriage.
The Supreme Court also took these actions Thursday:
- Ruled that the government cannot retroactively erase statutes of limitations to allow prosecutions of old crimes. The decision is expected to hamper some criminal cases against former Roman Catholic priests and also puts in doubt the constitutionality of a terrorism-fighting law passed after the 2001 attacks.
- Overturned the sentence of a Maryland death row inmate, saying his lawyers had not adequately investigated his history as a victim of childhood abuse. Death penalty opponents said the case will allow more death row inmates to successfully claim that their representation did not meet constitutional standards.
- Bowed out of a dispute over whether sneaker giant Nike's corporate ads and statements are protected by the constitution's right to free speech, a disappointment to big business, media companies and the public relations industry.
- Gave states some leeway in drawing political boundaries in areas with heavy black populations, a ruling that likely helps Democrats. Justices said lower courts reviewing redistricting cases, under the 1965 Voting Rights Act, should consider all factors and not just whether minorities can elect a minority candidate.
 World Fact Book (CIA)]
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